The Spring Festival is the most important traditional festival in the mainland. However, for many friends, the Spring Festival is not only an annual festival for family reunion, but also a large-scale "catastrophe" site once a year.
When can I get promoted?
Has the subject been found?
How much is the year-end bonus?
……
That's all, for many people, it is not difficult to deal with, "deep feelings", "don't drink is not to give me face", during the Spring Festival, relatives and friends dinner, crazy persuasion of alcohol social occasions, is the "nightmare" in the hearts of many "cup poured" people.
The end of the year is just around the corner, a wave of toasting is on the way to come, "no one will support the wall" good young people to find a "way to live" on the wine table, what do you need to know? Next, let's follow Fat Branch to find out.
Can you practice if you don't drink well?
Many friends may have heard the saying that the amount of alcohol can be practiced more and more. Is that really the case?
First of all, we need to make it clear that the amount of alcohol a person drinks is closely related to his ability to metabolize alcohol.
So, the question is: how many steps does the human body metabolize alcohol?
A: There are three steps.
Step 1: Pour the wine into your mouth.
Step 2: After the alcohol enters the digestive tract, it is absorbed into the blood through the mucous membrane, and a small part of the alcohol is directly excreted from the body and enters various tissues and organs for metabolism, and most of the rest needs to enter the liver through the portal vein and metabolize through the liver.
Step 3: Alcohol is dehydrogenated in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes under the action of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) to form acetaldehyde. It then enters the mitochondria of hepatocytes, and is catalyzed by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) to produce acetic acid, and finally, acetic acid is converted into acetyl-CoA in the human body, enters the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and is oxidized and decomposed into carbon dioxide and water for excretion.
There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human body, of which the gene encoding ADH is located on chromosome 4 and the gene encoding ALDH is located on chromosome 12.
After analysis and identification, the researchers found that there are at least 6 genotypes of the genes encoded by ADH, which can be divided into 4 different types, composed of different subunits, and although there is only one or a few amino acids apart, the catalytic activity is very different.
ALDH has at least 5 isozymes, 4 of which have been confirmed to exist in the human liver, of which only ALDH1 in the cytoplasm and ALDH2 in the mitochondria can catalyze acetaldehyde metabolism. The gene encoding ALDH2 also has polymorphisms, when the genotype is GG, the enzyme activity is strong, and the acetaldehyde metabolism rate is fast, while the ALDH encoded by GA and AA genes has weak enzyme activity, and acetaldehyde is easy to accumulate in the human body to produce toxic effects.
At this point, it is not difficult to see that the size of a person's alcohol metabolism is closely related to the activity and efficiency of two enzymes in his body, ADH and ALDH, which are determined by genes. Now, with the advancement of technology, ordinary people can also evaluate their ability to metabolize alcohol through genetic testing. Therefore, interested partners may wish to give it a try, and maybe they can get the scientifically certified gold-free gold medal!
In addition to drinking, the frequency of hot pot, barbecue, and Sichuan cuisine in family and friend dinners is also increasing, and many friends will definitely be curious, can eat "perverted spicy" but can't stand the "spicy liquor"?
The spiciness≠ spicy of baijiu
In physiology, in addition to the four types of sour, sweet, bitter, and salty, there is a fifth member of the basic taste family - umami. What we often call "spicy" is not among the basic tastes, but a kind of "pain".
However, even if it is the same pain, the way in which it occurs is different. When we eat chili peppers, we feel spicy because chili peppers contain capsaicin, and the active ingredient in it binds to vanillin receptor subtype 1 (VR1) of sensory neurons in the human body, which produces a burning pain, which is called "spicy", and the brain receives a signal that it thinks we are being burned and begins to release endorphins for analgesia, which also gives us a "pleasure" similar to that after using morphine, which is why people become addicted to chili peppers.
As for the "spicy" of liquor, many people think that it is because of its high alcohol content, but this view is actually "wronged" alcohol, because pure alcohol does not taste as "spicy" as most people think. In addition to alcohol and water, there are also lipids, aldehydes, acids, phenols, sugars and other substances in liquor, and it is these substances that create the different flavors of liquor. Among them, aldehydes (mainly acetaldehyde) stimulate nerve fibers and are the main source of the spicy taste of baijiu.
Liquor brewing site
The fermentation temperature is too high, the amount of auxiliary materials is too much, and it is directly used in production without steaming...... It may lead to an increase in aldehydes in liquor, so people have also been working to reduce the spicy taste of liquor, such as the popular folk "hot liquor", which can reduce the pungent taste of liquor by promoting the volatilization of acetaldehyde (boiling point of about 20 °C).
Therefore, the "spicy" of liquor and the "spicy" of chili are really different!
Can folk remedies cure drunkenness?
Vinegar, milk, honey water...... Many friends who are not good at drinking, in order to prevent themselves from "getting drunk" or preparing for "health preservation" after drinking, will use various folk to try to get themselves out of the trouble of drunkenness.
So, are these legendary "hangover artifacts" useful?
Vinegar can stimulate the salivary glands, secrete saliva, make people feel moist in the mouth, and at the same time, the vinegar itself has a large amount of water and can also play a certain role in hydration. However, the chemical reaction between vinegar and alcohol will produce irritating ethyl acetate, which, combined with the acidity of vinegar itself, is likely to aggravate the damage of alcohol to the gastric mucosa and cause acute ulcer bleeding.
Honey water can only alleviate the dehydration state after drunkenness, and does not help to accelerate alcohol metabolism, so it cannot play a real hangover effect.
As for milk and yogurt, because a protective film can be formed on the stomach wall, it can reduce alcohol absorption to a certain extent and protect the gastric mucosa, but it can also achieve the intended purpose only when drinking a small amount of alcohol, and milk and yogurt need to be taken about half an hour before drinking.
It seems that these folk remedies are also useless, so the only way to "survive" at the wine table is to drink less or not at all, and resolutely say "no" to the act of persuading alcohol, which is the most effective way to relieve hangover. If you really can't wipe off your face, and you don't have the acting skills to pretend to be drunk, it's better to be like Fat Ke and sacrifice the ultimate "killer" on the wine table - no, I ate cephalosporin! (cephalosporin and alcohol can cause a deadly disulfiram-like reaction) or take the first step to slap the car keys in the most eye-catching position before the alcoholic drink is served, after all, who can bear to "force" a law-abiding cutie to drive drunk?
It's the New Year again, and I'm here to greet all friends!
Creative team: New media team of China Science and Technology Museum
Audit expert: Wu Xinsheng, deputy chief physician of the Department of Gastroenterology, 371st Hospital of the People's Liberation Army
This article is from: China Digital Science and Technology Museum
